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| BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR REUSE OF COTTON GIN TRASH | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cotton
Gin Trash BMP Committee 3 Storage
of Cotton Gin Trash 20 Land
Application of Cotton Gin Trash/Gin Trash Compost 24 Composting
Cotton Gin Trash 30 Cotton Gin Trash BMP Committee Chairman:
Rodney D. Hendrick Thomas
A. Burch Bill
Carney Billy
J. Cochran Douglas
Deason Eddie
Funderburg Gary
S.Breitenbeck David
Caldwell Bob
Hutchinson Jere
McBride Larry Rogers |
Department of Agriculture and Forestry: Brad
Spicer Jan
Boydstun J.
Dale Givens Gerald
Mathes Doug
Wheelington Jack
Hamilton Sam
O. Leake, Jr. Charles
Rowland John
Shackelford, III Bobby
Todd Lee
Todd |
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| Application (Date) Mr. Brad Spicer Assistant Commissioner Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry Post Office Box 631 Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70821-0631 Dear
Mr. Spicer: This
letter is to notify you of the desire of Cotton Gin located in ,
Louisiana to participate in the Agricultural Waste Best Management
Plan program. We are enclosing our plan for the disposal of our
waste in an environmentally sound manner. Thank
you for your assistance in this matter. Sincerely,
Title
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| WASTE
MANAGEMENT PLAN
COTTON
GIN TRASH VOLUME ESTIMATE CALCULATIONS Gin
Name: Location:
1.
m of Bales ginned last year . 2.
m of Bales X .8 = cubic yards of cotton gin trash. 3.
m of Bales X 150 = lbs of cotton gin trash. Lbs
of cotton gin trash ÷ 2000 = tons of cotton gin trash. COTTON
GIN TRASH 1.
Crop nitrogen requirement lbs/A. 2.
Nitrogen content of cotton gin trash/compost %. 5.
Calculate application rate by dividing crop nitrogen requirement
by lbs available per ton gin trash. LANDOWNER
AGREEMENT This
is to certify has agreed to gin applying cotton gin trash to acres
of land owned by him in Parish. It is understood and agreed the
gin will apply the cotton gin trash at environmentally sound rate.
Landowner
Gin Representative PLAN
OF DISPOSAL Example
A Example
B Example
C Example
D Example
E AGRICULTURAL
PROCESSING WASTE MANAGEMENT CERTIFICATION LETTER
I,_____________,
the transferee, agree that all agriculture waste (raw and compost)
I remove from this site will be handled and applied in accordance
with accepted and approved best management practices, and that all
applicable state and federal regulations will be followed in the
transportation, storage and land application of these materials.
I will
follow the attached "Land Application Guidelines" when applying
waste to the land as a soil amendment. Signature
of Transferee (Date) LAND
APPLICATION GUIDELINES 1)
At rates exceeding recommended maximum yearly application rates.
2)
Within 100 feet of a stream or waterbody where slopes are 8 percent
or greater. Application can be made within 50 feet of a stream or
waterbody where slopes are less than 8 percent providing a well-established
buffer exists between the application site and the water's edge.
3)
On actively eroding land areas 4)
Will not be applied on soils subject to frequent flooding or overflow.
5)
Within 100 feet of water wells. 6) When wind direction and velocity would cause odors or dust to drift towards residences, public areas or roads. REQUIREMENTS:
1)
Have waste analyzed to accurately determine application rates. 2)
Have soil tested at each site where waste is to be applied to determine
soil loading rates. 3)
Know crop to be grown. 4)
Apply during seasons when vegetation is actively growing at the
site, during seed bed preparation or as a mulch. 5)
Calibrate spreading equipment. 6)
Keep compost dry.
1
Computations based on 30% availability of nitrogen the first year
and a nitrogen content of 1.14%. 2
Computations based on 50% availability of nitrogen the first year
and a nitrogen content of 2.19%. 3
Assumes 40% loss of nitrogen due to volatilization. COLLECTION
AND TRANSPORT OF COTTON GIN TRASH Planning
Considerations 1.
Effects on an on-site and roadside water. 2.
Effects on surface and groundwater quality. 3.
Effects on roadside appearance. 4.
Effects on local air quality. COLLECTION
AND TRANSPORT OF COTTON GIN TRASH Definition Collection
of cotton gin trash resulting from ginning machine picked cotton
and transportation to sites for storage, composting or other beneficial
use. Purpose To
promote the beneficial reuse of cotton gin trash as a feed, compost
feedstock, soil amendant or surface mulch by use of environmentally
safe collection and transportation methods. Conditions Where Practice Applies At
or near cotton gins and between gins and composting/beneficial use
sites. Specifications Guide Building
or hopper volume required for inside collection, area required for
outside collection, method of insuring protection of surface waters,
preventing odors and windblown nuisance problems. PLANS
AND SPECIFICATIONS COLLECTION Inside
Collection: Building: Gin
trash storage inside a closed building may be used if the material
is accumulated for further processing such as grinding and pelleting.
Storage under-roof or in a closed sided building may be desirable
if rainy conditions often prevent manual hauling and spreading operations
for several days. The discharge into the building by a pneumatic
handling system must be through a cyclone. Conveying equipment such
as augers or front-end loaders are necessary for spreading and piling
the material inside the building. Caution should be used to prevent
the build up of high levels of dust in the air. Outside
Collection: Enclosed
Hoppers can be used as temporary storage for gin trash. A cyclone
mounted over the center of the hopper is necessary. The hopper size
should be large enough to allow the transport and/or spreading equipment
to unload and/or spread during daylight hours. The size of the trash
hopper should hold 1/3 to 1/2 of the trash generated each day. A
good site location for the trash hopper must include good road access
and should be removed from nearby businesses or residences. A 2800
cubic foot, bottom dumping hopper with a center mounted cyclone
will hold trash from approximately 100 bales of picker harvested
cotton. Direct Discharge to Transport Vehicle: A. A properly sized cyclone may be used to load trash directly to transport vehicles. The discharge of the cyclone should be fitted with a canvas boot to minimize wind blown particles. B. A closed inclined screw conveyer to pick up the trash as it is discharged from augers under the gin cyclone system may be used. The inclined conveyer would discharge into the transport vehicle. Discharge to Storage Pile: The
gin trash may be moved to a storage pile by air or by screw conveyer.
Generally air is used to pick up trash from the gin's cyclone system.
A cyclone can be installed to collect the trash and discharge to
the trash pile. An open auger can be used to extend the trash pile
away from the cyclone drop point. For long term storage; composting
is enhanced and fire problems reduced by the addition of a water
sprinkler system to an outside storage pile. This will also reduce
dust and windblown material in the vicinity of the gin storage area.
TRANSPORTATION The
material should be loaded into a truck or trailer with sides and
top covers to prevent it from blowing onto the highway right away.
Wet material should not be allowed to leak onto the highway. STORAGE
OF COTTON GIN TRASH Planning
considerations for water quantity and quality Quantity
1.
Effects on water budget, especially on volumes and rates of runoff,
infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, deep percolation, on-farm
uses and general water recharge. 2.
Variability of effects from seasonal or weather variations. 3.
Effects on soil moisture. Quality
1.
Effects of use and management of nutrients and pesticides on surface
and groundwater quality. 2.
Effects on visual quality of on-site and of downstream water. 3.
Sediment-attached and construction related effects on the quality
of downstream waters courses and improvements. STORAGE
OF COTTON GIN TRASH Definition:
Outdoor storage of solid organic residues resulting from the processing
of fiber from raw materials until they can be utilized. Purpose:
To promote the reuse of organic residues from agriculture processing
as fuel, bio-mass, soil amendants or other beneficial uses by creating
environmentally safe storage facilities. Conditions
where practice applies: At or near agricultural processing facilities
that generate quantities of organic residues as a result of operations.
Specification
guide: Area needed for volume of waste, methods of insuring
protection of surface waters, and groundwater, operational plans
to reduce nuisance problems from wind erosion or odors during storage.
PLANS
AND SPECIFICATIONS Site:
The site should be convenient to the processing plant to facilitate
movement of the material. The site should not be located in or adjacent
to a residential area. This will minimize the occurrence of complaints
for noise, dust, wind blown material or odor. The
site should be nearly level, with only a slight slope to facilitate
drainage to one area on the site. The soil should be of low permeability
to reduce the possibility of leachate penetrating to a usable aquifier.
If the storage site is to be used during wet weather and heavy equipment
is to be used on site, some surface improvement should be used in
main traffic areas. An area to collect run-off and/or leachate must be provided on or adjacent to the site to protect surface water from run-off and/or leachate. The water collected may be reapplied to the residue to reduce wind erosion or disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner.
A perimeter berm should be established to prevent water draining
from the site or from running onto the site. The berm should be
able to contain the water from a 25 year, 24 hour rainfall event.
The site should not be located in an area prone to flooding or inundation.
The
site should be large enough to handle the residue being stored there
and still have room for trucks and equipment to enter and/or work.
A windrow pile 5x14 feet contains 1.7 cubic yards per linear foot,
where a 11x25 feet windrow contains 5.7 cubic yards per linear foot.
Table 1 shows some typical weight and volume relationships and estimates
on rate of production of some agricultural processing residues.
Equipment:
On site equipment should be sized to the volume of material
being stored. Trucks or trailers will be needed to move material
to and from the storage area. Equipment will be needed to move material
into piles and load trucks, trailers or conveyors. A sprinkler
system may be used to hold down dust and reduce wind erosion. This
system may be fixed or portable. Runoff can be used in the sprinkler
system if a pump is available to circulate the water from the collection
area. Water
Treatment/Disposal: Water collected from leachate/runoff can
be reused in a sprinkler system, used to irrigate nearby farm land,
allowed to percolate into the surface layers of the soil or treated
(if necessary) and discharged. Treatment may be accomplished by
a regulated flow over a grassed filter strip below the containment
area. Operation:
Crop processing residue should be brought to the storage area
as soon as possible after separation from the crop to reduce moisture
loading and the possibility of contamination. The material should
be placed in regular piles as high as manageable, working from rear
to front of the storage area. In a large storage area access should
be available to all parts of the area. A plan should be made as
to what is to be done in case of emergencies such as accidents,
fires or flooding. Accidental fires should be put out quickly as
possible by smothering or digging out the burning material. This
plan should be familiar to all connected to the operation and each
should know their responsibilities. Material
should be monitored at the storage area to prevent contamination
from outside sources and to prevent complaints from dust or odors.
A retrieval or use plan should be developed. If the material is
more manageable or desirable after aging a rear access to the older
material should be available. Table
1: Volume per ton of agricultural processing residues with estimated
amount of residue produced by unit of product.
LAND
APPLICATION OF COTTON GIN TRASH/GIN TRASH COMPOST Planning
considerations for water quantity and quality Quantity:
1.
Effects on the water budget, especially on volumes and rates of
runoff, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, deep percolation,
on farm uses and groundwater recharge. 2.
Variability of effects often seasonal and subject to weather variations.
3.
Effects of vegetation on soil moisture. 4.
Effects of increasing organic matter on water holding capacity of
the soil. 5.
Potential for a change in plant growth and transpiration because
of changes in the volume of soil water. Quality:
1.
Effects of both growing and decaying vegetation on nutrient balance
in the root zone. 2.
Effects on erosion and the movement of sediment, nutrients, organic
material, and soluble and sediment-attached substances carried by
runoff. 3.
Effects of use and management of nutrients and pesticides on surface
and groundwater quality. 4.
Effects on the visual quality of on site and downstream water. 5.
Sediment-attached and related effects on the quality of onsite,
and downstream water courses and impoundments. 6.
Effects on the movement of dissolved substances below the root zone
and toward groundwater, especially for on-farm water supply for
human and livestock consumption. 7.
Effect on wetlands and water-related wildlife habitats. LAND
APPLICATION OF COTTON GIN TRASH/GIN TRASH COMPOST Definition:
A planned system in which all necessary components are installed
for managing liquid and solid waste, including runoff from concentrated
waste areas, in a manner that does not degrade air, soil or water
resources. Purpose:
To manage waste in a manner that prevents or minimizes degradation
of air, soil and water resources and protects public health and
safety. Such systems are planned to preclude discharge of pollutants
to surface or groundwater and to recycle waste through soil and
plants to the fullest extent practicable. Conditions
where practice applies: This practice applies where waste is
generated by agricultural production or processing. Specification
guide: Nutrient content, crop nutrient requirement, are required
for application and methods to protect surface waters. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS: Basic
Consideration: Determine
nutrient content of residue. Determine crop to be planted on site
next growing season and nutrient requirement of crop. Calculate
application rate not to exceed the nutrients required for crop production
as specified for each crop. Surface
applications may be made to minimum tillage or conventional tillage
fields to reduce soil loss during the non-crop season. If the application
is to be incorporated into the soil prior to planting the next crop,
then the application rate should be calculated for incorporation.
Conservation tillage system application rates may be calculated
differently and should take any off-season cover crop into consideration.
Application
Rate: The
application rate should be calculated from a nutrient analysis of
the material to be applied, as cotton gin trash and its compost
can vary in nutrient content. The crop to be grown the next season
and the soil type will determine the amount of nutrient required.
Surface applications may be heavier than those to be incorporated
into the soil. Applications that will be incorporated in the spring
may be made heavier than applications that will be immediately incorporated.
Applications of raw cotton gin trash may be made at higher rates
than applications of gin trash compost. Analytical
data from 24 gin trash samples from Louisiana taken in 1991 show
an average content of 1.39% total nitrogen, .22% total phosphorous
and 1.03% total potassium (Table 1). In cotton production, nitrogen
will limit the application rate. At 1.39% concentration there is
27.8 pounds/ton of nitrogen in gin trash. Since the nitrogen is
in an organic form not all will be available the first year. A estimate
of 30% availability of nitrogen the first year may be safe to use
to determine the application rate. Heavier soils can take higher
application rates than lighter soils. Gin
trash compost may have twice the nitrogen content that the source
material had prior to composting. Total nitrogen content of mature
composted gin trash from Louisiana in 1992/93 averaged 2.2% or 44
pounds per wet ton compared to 1.14% in the raw gin trash (Table
2). The gin trash volume decreased 62% after 90 days of composting.
The availability of nutrients to crops the first year after application
may be 50%. Table
4 shows sample application rates for cotton gin trash and gin trash
compost to several crops. Both surface and incorporated application
rates are shown. These rates are calculated on the nitrogen rates
shown and material from other sources may vary somewhat. Run
Off Considerations: Applications
of cotton gin trash/gin trash compost made to fields and immediately
plowed under should be made at the calculated application rate.
Grassed runoff strips or other sediment control measures should
be used to prevent gin trash from reaching adjacent streams. Table
2: Concentration of Basic Nutrients in Raw Cotton Gin Trash.
Samples Taken from Gins During 1991 Season.
1
Averages of samples taken from twenty-four (24) gins during 1991
season. Table
3: Concentration of Basic Nutrients in Cotton Gin Trash Compost.
1
1
Concentrations of nutrients as % of wet weight. 2
Average moisture in 1992 samples 63%. Table
4: Sample Application Rates of Cotton Gin Trash and Gin Trash
Compost for Selected Crops Using Surface or Incorporated Applications.
1
Application rate based on assumed (8.34 lb available N per ton of
raw gin trash) availability of nitrogen the first year. 3
Assumes (5 lb available N per ton row gin trash surface applied
and 11.16 lb available N per ton composted gin trash surface applied)
40% loss of nitrogen due to volatilization. COMPOSTING COTTON GIN TRASH Definition:
Collection, storage and composting cotton gin trash (CGT). Purpose:
To prepare a material easier to handle with more accessible
nutrients for field use. Conditions
Where Practice Applies: Where a supply of CGT material is generated
that is more acceptable for use as a composted CGT. Plans and Specifications Site:
The site should be well drained, located on low permeability soil
and convenient to the gin. Some surface improvement may be needed
to allow work during rainy weather. A water collection storage is
necessary and the site should drain to this area to collect runoff.
Run-on into the area should be prevented. The site standards in
the Storage BMP should be met. Operation:
Collect the CGT at the gin, transport to the site and windrow. Windrow
size will depend on equipment to be used to turn the composting
material. A backhoe or front end loader can turn windrows up to
9 feet high. Most commercial windrow turning equipment will turn
windrows 4 to 6 feet high. A tractor powered rotary tiller or "Do-All"
can turn material up to 4 feet high. When
the CGT is windrowed, water should be added to bring the moisture
levels up to 50-65%. Additional water will probably need to be added
during the composting process to keep composting proceeding at on
active rate. The composting material should be turned to insure
the complete breakdown of the CGT, kill weed seeds and pathogens,
and to prevent odors. Weekly turning will promote the rapid breakdown
of the CGT into compost. Turning intervals can be lengthened as
temperatures decrease. Further turning may not be needed after temperature
drops below 100âF. The compost may be stored in larger piles
until it is used. Use:
The compost may be broadcast on the fields and incorporated
or left on the surface. The application rate guidelines contained
in the Land Application BMP should be followed in applying the CGT
compost to fields.
Back to BMPs
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