Agriculture: Helping Grow Louisiana's Economy   This book summarizes Louisiana's most significant agricultural enterprises for 1998. Compiled by agents and specialists of the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service, it focuses on the animal, forestry, fisheries, plant and wildlife commodities that comprise our vital agricultural industry-an industry that continues to make significant contributions to the state's economy.  In 1998, Louisiana farmers, foresters, fishermen and ranchers produced more than $4 billion in agricultural commodities that left the farm gate.  By the time those products were processed, another $5.6 billion was added to their value for a total contribution of more than $9.6 billion by Louisiana agricultural enterprises in 1998.   So, agriculture is big business in Louisiana, and it continues to be an important contributor to the state's economy.  As agriculture creates and maintains work for people in industries throughout the economy such as production, storage, transportation, processing and marketing, it produces the food and fiber everyone must have.     But, agriculture is more than a business to those who work in it day-in and day-out. It is a way of life.  As generations of families continue to devote their lives to the land and the state's rich agrarian tradition, no one would doubt that the production of that food is a way of life for Louisiana's farm families.       As with every other endeavor in life, agriculture has its "ups" and "downs."  How "up" or how "down" in agriculture often depends on unpredictable, uncontrollable forces such as weather, prices, pests and government policies and regulations.  Every year Louisiana farmers confront circumstances that test their best skills and threaten their very financial existence.  Agricultural production is not easy, but neither is it optional.  To say that agriculture is essential to human existence is to state the obvious, but it must be said.  Agriculture is one of the basic industries that supports all other activities and pursuits of mankind.  And, while it is not essential for everyone to know where food and fiber come from, everyone should recognize the importance of the industry that provides this abundance.  Louisiana's agriculture is an increasingly sophisticated and productive segment of national and world agriculture, and one that continues to make major contributions to the state's economy.  That is why faculty in the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service support our agricultural industries with information gained by agricultural researchers in the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station and in other settings around the world.   Those of us in the LSU Agricultural Center, the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service and the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station are proud to serve Louisiana's agricultural industry, and we look forward to continuing that service for many years to come.  Sincerely,  Jack L. Bagent  Vice Chancellor, LSU Agricultural Center, and  Director, Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service.

1998 Summary, Agriculture and Natural Resources      Animal Enterprises  Beef Cattle   Dairying   Horses   Poultry   Rabbits   Sheep & Goats   Swine   Fisheries and Wildlife Enterprises  Aquaculture   Fisheries (Freshwater)   Fisheries (Marine)   Fur   Honey   Hunting Leases   Plant Enterprises  Cotton   Feed Grain Crops   Forestry   Fruit Crops   Hay Sold   Home Vegetable Gardens   Nursery Stock and Ornamentals   Pecans   Rice   Sod Production   Soybeans   Sugarcane   Sweet Potatoes   Vegetables (Commercial)   Vegetables(Greenhouse)   Wheat   1998 Commodity Prices   1998 Progress Report    State Totals    Other Years 2001 | 2000 | 1999 |  1997 LSU Agricultural Center

The statistical information in this summary is compiled from estimates made by agents of the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service after consulting with agricultural agency representatives, agricultural and agribusiness leaders and others and after study of various reports and resource materials.

Although this material is reasonably accurate and can be used for planning and other general information purposes, this is not the official document of agricultural data for the state.  Official statistical data are gathered, summarized and published by the Louisiana Agricultural Statistics Service, P.O. Box 65038, Baton Rouge, LA 70896.  Reproduction or publication of information in this summary should acknowledge the unofficial nature of the statistics.

A gross value has been computed for each commodity, which in some cases includes a value from natural resources and, consequently, does not represent income to farmers.  The gross value is an indicator of the commodity's contribution to economic activity, but is not an indicator of farm profits.  Production costs cut heavily into profit for many commodities.  Even where there might have been an increase in gross income over previous years, there might have been a corresponding increase in the cost of production.

In the state summaries, the value added in marketing, processing and transportation is estimated in order to indicate the total contribution of agriculture and natural resources to the state's economy.

The state summary is not an exact summation of all parish reports. Some adjustments have been made, considering changes in average prices received, reports from statewide agricultural agencies and organizations and information from other sources.

In each parish table, only the commodities that were of economic value in that parish in 1997 are listed.  Where the number of producers or the number of acres is omitted, that information was not available.  An asterisk indicates that the number was so small that its inclusion might have revealed confidential information on individual producers.

Within some commodity groups, such as grains, fruits and commercial vegetables, the total number of producers has been omitted because some producers grow several different crops within the group.  Adding together the producers of individual crops would not give a true total for the group.

Animal Enterprises
Beef Cattle

Beef cattle are important to Louisiana's animal industry, but drought and poor prices reduced cattle numbers by 8.6% in1998 compared to1997. In 1997 there were 675,570 head of beef cows; this number declined to 617,410 head in 1998, a reduction of 58,160 head. The number of producers declined by 4.3%, from 13,701 in 1997 to 13,111 in 1998.

Gross farm income attributed to beef cattle production declined by $30,375,927. In 1997 the gross farm income was $256,810,371. In 1998, that number dropped to $226,434,444, an 11.8% reduction in gross earnings for beef cattle. In 1998, the total value (gross farm income plus value added) decreased to $251,342,233 from $285,059,512 in 1997.

The number of 300- to 600-pound steer calves sold declined slightly, from 247,960 in 1997 to 238,755 in 1998 (3.7% decline). Heifer calves (300 to 600 pounds) sold declined slightly, from 211,347 in 1997 to 205,483 in 1998 (2.8% decline). The sale of yearling cattle between 600 and 800 pounds declined from 68,725 in 1997 to 66,782 in 1998 (2.8% decline). The number of cull cows and cull bulls sold increased by 5.1% for cows (88,074 in 1998 and 83,607 in 1997) and 21.6% for bulls (18,538 in 1998 and 14,533 in 1997). The number of cow-calf pairs sold increased slightly, from 47,053 in 1997 to 47,270 in 1998. The average beef cattle herd size remained almost constant at 47 head compared to 49 head in 1997.
 
DAIRYING

 Milk production was reported by 28 parishes in 1998. Three parishes in the southeastern part of the state and one parish in the northwest accounted for about 85% of all milk production in Louisiana.
Dairy farms decreased from 557 in 1997 to 506 in 1998. The number of milk cows decreased from 64,759 in 1997 to 60,862 in 1998. Total milk production decreased from 795 million pounds in 1997 to 742 million pounds in 1998. The on-farm value of milk increased from $112.2 million in 1997 to $118.7 million in 1998. The value of cull cows and calves was an estimated $8 million in 1998. Total income from milk and animal sales to Louisiana dairy producers was $125 million. The total economic contribution from dairying in Louisiana, including animal sales and added value, was $310.6 million.
 

HORSES

 The horse industry is an important economic asset. About 225,000 horses are owned by an estimated 75,000 people. The average recreational horse owner spends about $2,200 per year on feed, equipment, tack and veterinary supplies and medicines. This results in an estimated $495 million of economic activity.
Some 4,353 producers owned 22,131 mares which produced 12,067 foals sold in 1998 for $25,129,323. These producers owned 1,121 stallions which were bred to 13,611 mares, generating income from stallion fees of $4,785,865. An estimated 6,769 pleasure horses were sold for approximately $10,630,800. Total income generated directly from horse production in 1998 was $40,545,988.

The race horse industry generates a tremendous cash flow, but the industry is down because of other forms of gambling in Louisiana. The racetracks employ 4,000 people and generate an on-track pari-mutuel handle of about $150 million. An equal amount is estimated to be spent on concessions and other related items at the tracks. The combined effects of breeding, racing, racetrack operation and related industries generated more than $500 million in expenditures in 1998.

Horse shows, rodeos and youth programs also have an impact. An estimated 500 horse shows, rodeos and youth activities generate about $8.5 million in expenditures.

The total direct impact of the horse industry in Louisiana approaches $1 billion. This economic stimulus is provided to a great extent by horsemen who list satisfaction and enjoyment as primary reasons for horse ownership.

POULTRY
BROILERS AND EGGS

 Poultry production continues to be the largest animal agricultural industry in Louisiana, second only to forestry in total income production. More than 811 million pounds of broilers were produced in 1998 compared to the 827 million pounds produced in 1997. This 16 million pound decrease was associated, for the most part, with the unusually hot summer of 1998. Broiler producer numbers fell slightly for the second year in a row from 738 in 1997 to 711 in 1998. This reduction was associated with a decline in home and small scale producers; about 530 of the 711 producers are involved in commercial broiler production.

Commercial broilers are produced in 12 parishes including Bienville, Claiborne, Jackson, Lincoln, Livingston, Natchitoches, Ouachita, Sabine, Union, Vernon, Webster and Winn.  Union, Sabine and Claiborne parishes
have the largest broiler production with 305 million, 120 million and 94 million pounds of broilers produced, respectively.  The gross farm value of these live unprocessed broilers exceeded $324 million.  All
processing is reflected in the value added figure estimated at $370 million.

The total number of table egg producers in Louisiana was down slightly again from 1,593 in 1997 to 1,521 in 1998. Total eggs produced also decreased by 11 million from 325 million in 1997 to 314 million in 1998. Lower production also resulted in a slight decrease in farm value for commercial egg production, from $18.5 million in 1997 to $18.3 million in 1998.

The total value for all poultry production in Louisiana exceeded $758 million in 1998, making it the largest animal agricultural industry in the state.
 

Ratite and Other Exotic Fowl

 The sale of ratites and exotic fowl generated $0.5 million in Louisiana in 1998. The decline in bird values continued. Total number of producers in Louisiana fell to fewer than 300. The largest concentration of exotic fowl and ratites is in Calcasieu, Claiborne, Lafayette, Lafourche, Sabine, St.Tammany, St. Martin and Vermilion parishes. The total number of breeder birds in production was 7,787. Just under 4,500 ostriches, 1,400 emu, 48 rhea and 1,861 other exotic fowl were sold for a farm value of $498,325.
 
Quail and Pheasants

The number of quail and pheasant producers increased from 62 in 1997 to 67 in 1998. St. Martin, Acadia and Red River parishes had the most producers. Total production decreased in 1998 to 45,020 birds. A gross farm income of $90,650 was generated.

Rabbits

 The production of rabbits for meat and exhibition involved 399 producers in 1998, down from 401 in 1997. There were 271 fryer producers. This facet of the industry produced 446,105 pounds of meat. Louisiana rabbit producers generated more than $1.2 million in gross income. Value added for rabbits was an estimated $114,000. Total value for rabbit production was an estimated $1.3 million in 1998.

SHEEP & Goats

 Forty-nine parishes reported production of sheep and goats. Sheep were produced by 724 producers and goats by 470 producers. Breeding ewes were estimated at 11,300 head, and breeding does at 6,900 head.
Vermilion (1,680), St. Landry (1,520), Acadia (1,200), Evangeline (1,200), Calcasieu (850), Lafayette (600), Tangipahoa (530), Iberia (450) and Beauregard (350) reported the largest number of breeding ewes.
Ouachita (700), Livingston (600), Beauregard (500), Calcasieu (450), Tangipahoa (400), Evangeline (350), St. Landry (350), Union (300), Avoyelles (250), Rapides (250) and Natchitoches (200) reported the largest number of breeding does.

Total number of lambs marketed (slaughter, feeder and club lambs) was estimated at 12,145 head. Cull sheep numbered 2,424 head. Stocker sheep numbered 1,053 head. Wool production was estimated at 69,545 pounds. A total of 24,022 pounds of wool was marketed in the 1998 LWGA wool pool for a value of $.3672 per pound.

Total number of slaughter goats was estimated at 4,891 head. Stocker goats numbered 2,686 head. Cull goats numbered 1,528 head.

Gross farm value from sheep, wool and goats was estimated at $2,036,525. Value added amounted to $183,287. Total value of sheep, wool and goats was estimated at $2,219,812.

SWINE

Louisiana had 542 pork producers in 1998 compared to 609 in 1997. Forty-five parishes reported production of pigs. The size of the breeding herd and the number of hogs produced decreased slightly, with the breeding herd at 5,884 head in 1998.

Some 5,104 show pigs were sold in 1998, up slightly from 4,572 in 1997. There were 19,646 feeder pigs and 51,503 market hogs produced and sold in 1998. Total pig production was 76,253 head. Gross farm value to swine producers was more than $6 million.

As in 1997, more producers retained gilts and used artificial insemination to produce high quality show pigs. This was a record-setting year for show pig producers. The 5,104 show pigs sold averaged $269 per head for a total of $1,372,500. This premium income helped some producers to stay in business. Market hog and feeder pig prices decreased significantly. Depressed hog prices contributed greatly to the decrease in gross farm value of hogs in 1998. The decrease in hog prices was caused primarily by a nationwide reduction in slaughter capacity as well as increases in production efficiency. The one bright spot for pork producers in 1998 was that corn prices were below normal.

The added value of processing hogs in Louisiana was $1,499,985. The total value of hogs produced and processed in Louisiana was $7,749,922.
 

FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE ENTERPRISES
AQUACULTURE

 Pond-bank prices for farm-raised catfish generally provided some level of profitability throughout most of 1998, resulting in a slight increase in farm value of the crop. Nonetheless, acreage, production and number of producers were down slightly (-3.2%, -3.7% and -2.6%, respectively) from 1997 estimates. These downward trends slowed considerably, however, when compared to preceding years.

Louisiana crawfish acreage totaled 109,967 in 1998, a slight decrease from the previous year after two successive years of increase. Farm-raised crawfish production (36.1 million pounds) was down by 23% compared to 1997. Low production was attributed to drought during the late summer and high temperatures during early fall. Although the decrease in supply resulted in increased prices to the farmer, it was not high enough to offset the drop in production. Gross farm income fell to $22.5 million, a decrease of 19.5% compared with 1997.

The number of farm-raised alligators hit a new record high in 1998 with 158,306 animals recorded. The total farm value of farm-raised skins was $10.3 million, an increase of 9% over 1997.  The number of licensed farms (74) in 1998 showed a trend of continuing decrease from 1997. The number of active farms in 1998 was estimated from tag returns to be 54 farms. Farm-raised and wild alligator harvest data were provided by Rockefeller Refuge biologists with the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries.

Production of minnows was steady in 1998, with value of the crop estimated at 5% over 1997 levels. Additional acreage was put into minnow production later in the year. Production of other aquaculture species (baby turtles, tilapia, hybrid striped bass, koi carp, redfish, ornamental fish, soft-shell crawfish, etc.) decreased in value by almost 5% from 1997 levels. One notable reason was the collapse of domestic live markets for tilapia.

Oyster production occurs in Louisiana on public grounds and water bottoms leased from the state. These growers are classified as aquaculturists because of the husbandry procedures used. These include cultivation of seed and transport of seed from state-owned nursery grounds. Annual tracking of production is achieved through monthly reports of first receivers. These receivers purchase oysters by the sack, yet Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries reports data in pounds of oyster meat. This is done by using a standard conversion of 6.47 pounds of meat per sack. There is year-to-year fluctuation in the meat yield of oysters because of growing conditions. The Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service has sought to avoid the conversion uncertainty by reporting production in sacks.  Consequently, comparisons between data in this document and LDWF official data require knowledge of actual meat yield because the standard 6.47 pounds may not be appropriate. For 1998, producer prices were lower and production slightly higher. Oyster leaseholders face uncertainty over possible impacts of projects to restore wetlands. Diversion of fresh water into the northern areas of estuaries in certain circumstances could adversely affect productivity of some oyster leases. Louisiana is evaluating various compensation options for oyster leaseholders in project impact areas.

FISHERIES

 The harvest of freshwater and marine fish and shellfish in Louisiana continued to be a significant economic activity. Landings of the numerous species are recorded by two agencies. The Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF) receives monthly reports from the initial buyers (processors, dealers, etc.). Species, weight and dockside value of the landings are reported for all commercially harvested species. The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) is responsible for estimating the landings of shrimp. This is achieved via local NMFS data collectors. NMFS is solely responsible for estimates of recreationally caught marine fish and shellfish. Because of extensive delays in the availability of recreational catch data from state and federal marine waters, only the previous year's catch can be reported in this narrative.

LDWF and NMFS commercial landings data are not complete each year when the deadline arrives for publishing the Louisiana Summary: Agriculture and Natural Resources. Preliminary data for January to October 1998 were used as a basis to forecast 1998 totals. Extension agents in parishes with significant fisheries localize the estimates to the parish level.
 
FRESHWATER FISHERIES

The freshwater finfish production is comprised of catfish, buffalo, gar and miscellaneous species such as freshwater drum. Major catfish species are blue, channel and flathead. Combined catfish production in 1998 was about 900,000 pounds below 1997. The average price received was slightly higher in 1998. The lower production associated with the higher price could be caused by a successful wild crawfish season. One of the major river systems, Atchafalaya River, produces crawfish and catfish. Favorable crawfish production conditions, inclusive of price, encourage fishermen to focus more effort on crawfish. Production of gar continued its slow decline. The effects of tighter controls on use of gill nets in saltwater will have a lasting effect on the fishery for gar. Many gar were historically captured in the official saltwater area of the state. Other methods in salt water and increased interest by the freshwater fishermen will have to occur for production to increase. Overall, the freshwater fishery produced 17.5 million pounds of finfish, making it the largest among all states.
 

FISHERIES (MARINE)

 The volatility of doing business in marine species was amply demonstrated in 1998. Landings at 991 million pounds were 20% below those of 1997. Menhaden and commercial finfish categories contributed to the decrease. Shrimp and blue crab landings were higher in 1998 than in 1997. Value did not decrease in direct relation to the landings decrease. Lower prices for shrimp and commercial finfish, primarily yellowfin tuna, resulted in value of landings dropping by 15%. The value of shrimp production decreased in spite of a 10% increase in landings over 1997. The slowdown in Asian economies which began in late 1997 reduced demand for shrimp in major consuming countries such as Japan. Imports into the United States consequently reached record levels. Prices for domestic shrimp fell when it was evident that local production would also be good.
Blue crab production and prices were both favorable. A moratorium on the sale of blue crab gear licenses ended December 31, 1998. License sales will increase in 1999.

Oyster production again was excellent. The benefits of shell plants on public grounds east of the Mississippi River following Hurricane Andrew in 1992 began to yield significant production of market oysters and seed oysters. All oyster production is reported in this publication under Aquaculture because of Louisiana's extensive program of leasing oyster-growing areas. Oyster growers and a state agency are in conflict over compensation to leaseholders likely to be affected by diversions of fresh water to restore eroding wetlands.
Marine recreational anglers are a large group of harvesters. Saltwater anglers are estimated to number from 400,000 to 450,000. The latest data available from the National Marine Fisheries Service indicate Louisiana saltwater anglers caught 12.9 million fish of various species in 1997. This catch was 5% below the 1992-1996 average catch. Charter fishing guide businesses increased. Marine Fisheries

The volatility of doing business in marine species was amply demonstrated in 1998.  Landings at 991 million pounds were 20% below 1997.  Menhaden and commercial finfish categories contributed to the decrease.  Shrimp and blue crab landings were higher in 1998 compared to the previous year.  Value did not decrease in direct relation to the landings decrease.  Lower prices for shrimp and commercial finfish, primarily yellowfin tuna, resulted in value of landings deceasing by 15%.  The value of shrimp production decreased in spite of a 10% increase in landings over 1997.  The slowdown in Asian economies which began in late 1997 reduced demand for shrimp in major consuming countries such as Japan.  Imports into the United States consequently reached record levels.  Prices for domestic shrimp fell when it was evident that local production would also be good.

Blue crab production and prices were both favorable.  A moratorium on the sale of blue crab gear licenses ended December 31, 1998.  License sales will increase in 1999.

Oyster production again was excellent.  The benefits of shell plants on public grounds east of the Mississippi River following hurricane Andrew in 1992 began to yield significant production of market oysters and seed oysters.  All oyster production is reported in this volume under the Aquaculture classification because of Louisiana's extensive program of leasing oyster-growing areas.  Oyster growers and a state agency are in conflict over compensation to leaseholders likely to be impacted by diversions of freshwater to restore eroding wetlands.

Marine recreational anglers are a large group of harvesters.  Saltwater anglers are estimated to range in number from 400,000 to 450,000.  The latest data available from the National Marine Fisheries Service indicate Louisiana saltwater anglers caught 12.9 million fish of various species in 1997.  This catch was 5% below the 1992-1996 average catch.  Charter fishing guide businesses continued to increase.  The Natural Survey of Hunting Fishing and Wildlife Associated Recreation for 1996 lists average annual expenditures per saltwater angler of $856.

 
FUR PRODUCTION

The 1997-98 harvest of fur animal pelts had a gross farm value of slightly more than $2.9 million. Value-added components for this commodity raised its value to $3,561,872, a slight increase over last year. Total production numbers for all fur pelts combined was 468,453; this is down from 487,208 pelts last season. Slightly lower production combined with a higher total value indicates stronger fur prices for most species involved in Louisiana's fur industry. Nutria and raccoon pelts accounted for 71% and 13%, respectively, of the total value. The remaining 16% was derived from the pelts of muskrat, mink, opossum, river otter, red fox, gray fox, bobcat, beaver and coyote.

Primarily the nutria and raccoon represent meat production from fur animals. The total production in this segment of the industry was 809,065 pounds with a gross farm value of $291,262. Production and value figures from this segment of the industry were down slightly from the previous year. Nutria meat is used primarily as a feed source in alligator farms, but the campaign to promote its use for human consumption continues.

A renewed acceptance of fur in the fashion industry is a strong point for the fur industry in Louisiana. The greatest potential threat to the industry is anti-trapping and animal rights initiatives that attempt to curtail the harvest of fur animals.

HONEY

Louisiana honey production in 1998 was down slightly from 1997, even though Varroa and Tracheal mites and extreme drought caused colony losses. Colony losses continued at 10% overall, but total registered hives in Louisiana increased to 39,140. This is up about 1,400 hives from a year ago. Commercial production averaged 125 pounds per hive, with some hives producing more than 300 pounds. Total production average dropped to 96.7 pounds per hive. Increases are credited to the lack of competition from feral colonies. Queen and package producers continue to decline, but these sales, plus equipment sales, account for $250,000. Pollination services are the greatest value of the honeybee to the Louisiana homeowner and farmer, about $390,000,000. There is great concern about reduced pollination among growers and homeowners. There was a slight decrease to 4,500 hives used in Louisiana for pollination services because of farmers and homeowners obtaining their own hives, but $112,500 was added to beekeepers' income. There is a continued interest in going into beekeeping both as hobbyists and commercial producers.

Honey has dropped to 56 cents per pound, but production remains good. Income from honey was up because of the increase in number of hives and improved management, even though the price of honey fell. In 1998 farmers earned $2,631,790. This included income from sales of honey, pollination services and sales of queen bees and equipment.

Controls on the mite populations are improving. A section 18 has been applied for for Cumophos, which will control mites and the new pest now in the extreme Southeast (Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina and Georgia), the small hive beetle. The importation of new germ plasm from Russia is showing good potential in reducing mite populations densities.

Feral colonies appear on the increase. Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry swarm catches have doubled in recent years. Reports from a concerned public about observations of honeybees and wild colonies in areas where no bees have been seen for several years were common during the summer and fall of 1998.

Hunting Leases
 
 The value of recreational hunting is expressed through the income derived from hunting lease enterprises. The number of producers who leased land in the state during 1998 was 5,494. The total amount of land leased was 6,108,070 acres. Total gross farm value for this leased land was $27,003,452. Every parish, with the exception of a few of the urban parishes near the New Orleans metropolitan area, reported some type of hunting lease activity.

White-tailed deer was the major game animal. Price per acre lease rates varied according to the quantity and quality of the deer herd present. Waterfowl hunting, although comprising less total lease acreage, accounted for a much greater average per acre dollar figure. These higher values for waterfowl leases are due primarily to the leasing of individual hunting blinds for as much as several thousand dollars in some cases. These blinds are used to hunt areas that may be comprised of only a hundred acres.  Most hunting lease agreements involve the privilege to hunt all game species within a given area and a given season, although some acreage is leased separately for different species. The slight decrease in the total gross farm value for hunting lease enterprises from 1997 to 1998 represents a gradual topping out of the prices hunters are willing to pay for hunting leases.
 

PLANT ENTERPRISES
COTTON

 In 1998, 3,353 farmers produced an estimated 630,062 bales of cotton. This is 35% less than last year, and it is the lowest production since 1983. Lint yield per acre was an estimated 584 pounds, down 151 pounds from l997. Acres of cotton declined from 629,670 acres in 1997 to 517,891 acres in 1998, a drop of 18%. The estimated value of the crop, including seed, is $241,918,574.

Producers enjoyed excellent conditions for planting, but by mid-August drought conditions had reduced the crop's potential. Record heat pushed the crop, causing many fields to mature earlier than desired. Bronze wilt was evident in the Paymaster 1200 series and Stoneville 373 varieties. Late season rains created conditions conducive for boll rot and promoted excessive vegetative growth, which further reduced the value of the crop. In addition to boll rot and late season insects, defoliation was difficult and expensive. The season's impact on the crop was reflected by low yields and poor grades. Prices were low and have remained low into early 1999.
Transgenic varieties constituted close to 70% of the varieties planted in 1998. About 60% of the varieties planted contained the Bt gene. Performance of the transgenic varieties varied. The boll weevil eradication effort will start in the Northeast beginning in 1999. This should influence the use of Bt cotton varieties even more.

Producers should select varieties carefully. Before selecting varieties resistant to Roundup Ready and Buctril, they should determine what fields will benefit the most from these varieties based on weed history and use multiple varieties that vary in maturity to spread risk associated with inclement weather.

FEED GRAIN CROPS

 Of the three feed grains, corn was hurt the most by the drought. Grain sorghum was hurt less because of its tolerance to heat and dry conditions. Oats were not affected since the driest conditions were in May, June and July. These three months were drier and hotter than any in 110 years of record keeping. Corn yields were low, but the principal problem was the high incidence of aflatoxin in grain brought to grain elevators. An estimated 25% of all fields were either rejected or never harvested because of the toxin problem. Delays at the elevators resulted from the chemical tests which were conducted on each truck brought in. Grain from many of the rejected trucks was sold on the salvage market at $1 or less per bushel. Grain sorghum yields were down from 1997, but were more respectable. Oat yields were about the same as the previous years and benefited from the dry May.

The number of feed grain producers (3,913) increased from a year ago because of a favorable price for grain going into the planting season. Corn acreage increased to 699,046, up by 250,000 acres; grain sorghum went to 123,108, up by 50,000; and oats dropped to 1,313 acres. Corn averaged 80.9 bushels per acre, and total production was 56.6 million bushels. Grain sorghum yields were 33.4 cwt. per acre, and total production was 4.1 million cwt.

Gross farm value for feed grains was $135.2 million, which was higher than soybeans, but lower than sugar, cotton and rice. Because of the drought and lower prices, it is doubtful whether corn acreage will remain as high as 1998. Some of the soybean acres could go into grain sorghum, causing an increase in that crop. Much of the corn acreage could go back into cotton, but, at this stage, there is much uncertainty on the crop mix for 1999.

FORESTRY

The projected Louisiana forestry income and value rose in 1998. The 1998 total sawlog harvest increased by 95.6 million board feet to a cut of 1,454,559,673 board feet. The estimated pine sawtimber harvest decreased by 5.6% to a total statewide harvest of 1,213,898,668 board feet. The hardwood sawtimber harvest increased 27% to 240,661,005 board feet. Production of pine chip-n-saw timber increased by 30% to a harvest of 566,294 cords.

The estimated 1998 Louisiana pulpwood harvest was 5,482,108 cords, up (1%) 46,236 cords from 1997, but the pine pulpwood harvest was up only a fraction to a total of 3,839,685 cords. Hardwood pulpwood production was up 2.5%, for a harvest of 1,642,423 cords.

All prices remained high throughout the year, although dry weather and overproduction lowered timber prices somewhat during the summer.

With wood-using industries and commercial timber harvest in all parishes, forestry provides benefits to both urban and rural areas in many ways.

In 1998, the 113,000 Louisiana private landowners received an estimated $752,382,943 from the sale of forest timber. Timber harvesting contractors and their employees earned $563,196,789 from harvesting the trees and moving wood to mills. This income is re-spent many times throughout the economy. In addition, the 127 Christmas tree growers received $2.6 million from the sale of trees. Louisiana-produced pine straw sales made $263,200, and firewood producers sold an estimated $3,142,375 of firewood from forests. Louisiana forest tree seedling nurseries produced a crop worth $5,654,771 in 1998. The total non-timber forestry income was an estimated $11,694,602, up $2.5 million from 1997.

An estimated 25,000 individuals received income directly from the manufacturing of Louisiana forest products. This payroll and income derived from money generated by the forestry and wood products industry totaled an estimated $5.3 billion. The gross farm income produced by all forestry-related products, such as timber, pine straw, firewood and Christmas trees, totaled $1,327,274,334 in 1998. The value-added through further processing and delivery was $4,061,459,462 for a total 1998 forestry value of $5,388,733,796.

The forest products industry is the second largest employer in Louisiana, ahead of oil and slightly behind chemicals. Forestry is still Louisiana's number one crop and expanding. New manufacturing facilities and upgrades are adding manufacturing capacity and diversity to this important Louisiana industry.

FRUIT CROPS

Citrus
Citrus is grown on about 1,200 acres, with no significant change from the previous year. Gross farm value of citrus increased for the third successive year and is nearly $5 million. This trend should continue as trees reach a more productive age and size.
 
Peaches
 Peaches were grown on about 600 acres. Gross farm value, $1.8 million, increased primarily because of better growing conditions in 1998.
 
Strawberries
 Strawberry acreage decreased  by 56 acres in 1998. The current acreage is about 400. Gross farm value increased and is $6.5 million.
 
Blueberries
 Blueberry acreage remained steady for l998 at 450. Gross farm value fell in 1998 to $690,000 because of poor weather conditions.

 Miscellaneous
 Many miscellaneous fruits are planted in Louisiana as small commercial plantings or as backyard plantings. Their estimated gross farm value is about $248,081.

HAY SOLD

 Hay production for commercial sales is a limited part of the total production in Louisiana.  Nevertheless, hay produced from 285 acres of alfalfa and 369,970 acres of grasslands was sold by more than 3,650 producers in 1998. Yields averaged 1.34 tons per acre from the grasslands harvested for sale and 2.99 tons per acre from the alfalfa harvested for sale. Production included 494,786 tons of grass hay and 852 tons of alfalfa hay.
Compared to values reported in 1997, the acreage of grasslands used for commercial hay production more than doubled while yields were drastically reduced because of drought. As a result, production of the 1998 hay crop for sale was about 17,000 tons lower than that of the 1997 crop. Gross farm value of the 1998 crop was $29.7 million, slightly higher than the 1997 crop valued at $25 million.

Hay for all uses yielded 2.2 tons per acre, a total production of 726,000 tons. Total hay production in Louisiana in 1998 had a gross farm value of more than $43 million. Hay yield in 1998 was 23% lower than the yield reported in 1997. Acres remained constant from 1997 to 1998.

HOME VEGETABLE GARDENS

 The 1998 gross farm value of home vegetable gardens in Louisiana was an estimated $82,985,364. Parish reports indicated 376,329 gardens statewide, reflecting that garden interest was up 1.1% from 1997. An early summer drought depressed production. Every parish has home gardens, but about 37% of Louisiana gardens are in the urban areas of New Orleans, Baton Rouge and Shreveport (48% if the Lake Charles area is included). Families can trim food budgets and improve nutrition by gardening. Freshness, vegetable quality, exercise and pleasure are important motivations for Louisiana gardeners. Because of the moderate economic situation in Louisiana and various personal benefits, home garden interest should remain strong.
  
NURSERY STOCK AND ORNAMENTALS

 Commercial nursery crop production in 1998 had a gross farm gate value of $104,250,250. Floricultural and bedding plants declined slightly because of inclement weather during the spring retail sales period. Woody ornamental sales increased significantly. In 1998, bedding plants and floricultural crops were valued at $24,833,500, fruit and nut trees at $1,649,500, woody ornamentals at $70,694,500 and foliage plants at $7,072,750. With a value added of $53,167,628, the total value of commercial nursery crops in Louisiana in 1998 was $157,417,878.

PECANS

The l998 pecan crop was an estimated $12.3 million pounds, down slightly from 1997. Gross farm value was $7.2 million, down slightly from the previous year.

RICE

 Rice acreage in Louisiana increased from 546,786 acres in 1997 to 603,567 acres in 1998. The primary cause of the increases in 1997 and 1998 was farm legislation and the combination of a firm rice price outlook at planting coupled with somewhat lower commodity prices in other crops. Most of the acreage fluctuation over the past few years has occurred in northeast Louisiana, where more cropping options are possible.
Average yield per acre was 5,000 pounds per acre. This is slightly below the 5,225 pounds per acre reported in 1997. Even though yields per acre were lower in 1998 than in1997, total production was slightly higher at 30,175,776 pounds because of the increase in acreage.

The Louisiana crop harvested by 2,140 producers had a gross farm value of $275,762,055, a decrease of nearly $10 million because of lower commodity prices. Value added in marketing, processing and transportation increased the value by $82,286,165, for a total value of $358,048,220.

Rice acreage in Louisiana is expected to increase by about 5,000 to 10,000 acres in 1999.  As in 1998, world supplies are expected to remain tight, but the weakening of the world economy, especially in Asia and in Brazil, is not likely to shore up prices. Acreage is expected to increase in Arkansas, California, Mississippi and Missouri. Much of the acreage increase in Louisiana is expected to occur in northeast Louisiana, where acreage shifts follow commodity prices. The combination of a large United States acreage and weak global economy is expected to cause prices to remain at moderate to low levels.

SOD PRODUCTION

 In 1998, 27 sod farms cultivated 4,281 acres of fine turfgrasses. Sod acreage was up 34%. Gross farm sales were estimated at $14,277,135. About 60% of the sod acreage in Louisiana is centipedegrass. The remaining acreage is divided among St. Augustine, Bermudas and zoysias, in that order. With new construction improving, our sod markets continue to hold a better price. Markets are expected to improve as construction increases. Marketing is a limiting factor in the industry. Several new farms should have strong sales in 1999.

SOYBEANS
 
 The 1998 crop was severely hurt by drought in May, June and July. A tropical storm in August reduced quality as well. The Group IV's suffered the greatest yield and quality reductions. Unfortunately, about 25% of the acreage was planted to this maturity group. About 40% of the state's acreage was planted to Roundup Ready varieties. These seemed to be hurt worse by the extreme heat and drought than were the conventional varieties. The usual pests of Southern green stinkbug, aerial blight, charcoal rot, Cercospora leaf blight and root-knot nematodes affected yields as well. Harvest conditions were about normal and did not further reduce yields.

There were 5,967 soybean producers who planted 1.15 million acres in 1998. An average yield of 18.8 bushels per acre was the lowest since 1981. Total production was 21.6 million bushels which grossed $123 million, the lowest in several years. This placed the crop behind cotton, sugar, rice and feed grains in the state.

SUGARCANE

 In 1998 sugarcane was grown on 427,930 acres by 804 producers in 23 parishes. An estimated 393,700 acres were harvested for sugar, with a total production of 1,241,994 tons of sugar. Sugar production per harvested acre was 6,309 pounds, and production per acre was 5,805 pounds. Individual parish reports indicate total acres grown and production per acre grown. Farm value is 61% of the total sugar value, with the remainder going to milling and marketing.

Gross farm income from sugar and molasses was $306,548,920 for 1998.

Total sugar production in Louisiana for 1998 was almost the same as the record set in 1997 reflecting both the record acreage grown and good but not outstanding production per acre. A mild winter followed by a cool spring resulted in excellent stands in most fields. A shortage of rainfall through mid summer limited growth. In late summer, growth was stimulated by rainfall and warm weather. Low rainfall in October resulted in good conditions for the early harvest. The absence of severe freezes permitted growers to deliver clean cane in the latter part of the harvest season. Nevertheless, sugar levels were limited by continued growth into December.

SWEET POTATOES

About 23,000 acres of sweet potatoes were planted in 1998, but, because of the wet soil conditions in late summer and fall, especially in south Louisiana, about 21,734 acres were harvested. This is about a 600-acre decrease from 1997. The per acre yield was down considerably because of extremely high temperatures and wet soil conditions statewide. The estimated total yield per acre was 224 bushels per acre compared to 321 for 1997, or a 30% reduction. Yield of #1 grade roots was down by almost 70 bushels per acre.

West Carroll Parish reported the largest acreage, 6,700, with an average yield of 280 bushels per acre. Avoyelles, Evangeline and St. Landry parishes were the areas most affected by the inclement weather, reporting total yields of from117 to 160 bushels per acre.

The gross farm value was an estimated $35,045,208 using $10 per bushel farm gate price for No. 1's and $2 per bushel for canners. Value added is determined by the increase in value of harvested potatoes that are washed, graded, packed and shipped. It reflects the F.O.B. price for No. 1's using $12 per box ($14.40 per bushel) for the F.O.B. price. Value added also includes economic factors included in processing and marketing canned sweet potatoes. The estimated total value of the crop was about $87,399,693 or 16% below the 1997 crop. This reduction was caused by the low yields obtained as a result of the inclement weather.
There is still a lot of interest in sweet potato production, and, if growers can obtain financing, the acreage should remain around the 23,000-acre level.

COMMERCIAL VEGETABLES

 
The Louisiana commercial vegetable industry involves 1,900 growers in 49 parishes who produce 47 different vegetable crops on about 9,000 acres, for a  gross farm value of $25.1 million. The leading parish in commercial vegetable production is Plaquemines with a gross farm value of $3.7 million followed by St. Charles with $2.1 million and Tangipahoa with $2 million. Plaquemines and St. Charles produce Creole tomatoes and a number of other vegetables for the wholesale and direct sales markets. Tangipahoa growers produce bell peppers, cucumbers and cabbage for the wholesale market.

Tomatoes were the leading vegetable crop in Louisiana with a gross farm value of $6.1 million involving 334 producers on 468 acres. Seven hundred forty-two acres of mustard greens  are produced for the local market with a farm value of $2.5 million and involving 487 growers. Cabbage is produced on 435 acres with a gross farm value of $1.7 million. Cabbage is marketed through wholesale markets. Commercial production of bell peppers  for the wholesale market and direct sales has a gross farm value of $1.6  million and involves 143 growers on 369 acres. Some 2,628 acres of watermelons are produced for the wholesale market, peddlers and for direct sales for a gross farm value of $1.4 million. Southern peas  for local sales are produced by more than 640 growers on 1,500 acres for a gross farm value of $1.1 million.

The commercial vegetable acreage in Louisiana decreased again in 1998. The weather and low prices have dealt Louisiana commercial producers some severe blows in recent years.

Several farmers' markets operated successfully, providing a good outlet for a number of farmers. Several growers operated their own roadside markets, providing an outlet for their produce at premium price. Some vegetables growers relied on local retail businesses, such as supermarkets, roadside stands and peddlers, for their market outlets.

COMMERCIAL GREENHOUSE VEGETABLES

In 1998, 51 producers grew greenhouse tomatoes in 6.7 acres of greenhouses. This acreage was up 20% from 1997 estimates. One farm grew cucumbers. Distribution of the industry was statewide, and sales were to in-state markets. All greenhouse produce is for fresh market sales, and much is sold retail by growers. Estimated gross farm value of Louisiana greenhouse vegetables was $1,535,935. Essentially all production is tomatoes. A significant expansion (18%) of this industry occurred during the 1996-97 season because of its promotion by the LSU Agricultural Center. Moderate expansion is expected.

WHEAT

Wheat was harvested from 83,048 acres by 440 producers, a decrease from 105,328 acres harvested in 1997. Yields for 1998 averaged 43.14 bushels per acre, a slight increase from 41.74 bushels per acre harvested in 1997. Excellent growing conditions and low disease pressure in the spring caused wheat yields to be relatively high in 1998. Total production in 1998 was 3,582,671 bushels, down from the 4,396,562 bushels harvested in 1997. The decrease in wheat acreage in 1998 probably accounted for the decrease in total production. The gross farm value of the 1998 crop was estimated at $11,678,904, down substantially from the 1997 crop valued at $15.39 million. This lower gross farm value was caused by decreased acreage and less favorable wheat prices.

The gross value of commodities reported in the parish tables was computed on the basis of the average per unit prices listed below.  Gross values shown in the summary tables and the narrative discussion of animal and plant products are not necessarily a summation of all parish values.  Where official numbers are available for the entire state (such as livestock population, fish catch, acres of a crop harvested and gross value), these are used in the place of estimates in the summary tables and discussion.
 
 

Commodity	Unit	1998 Price
ANIMAL COMMODITIES
Steer Calves
300-400 lbs.	cwt.	80.700
400-500 lbs.	cwt.	71.900
500-600 lbs.	cwt.	65.500
Heifer Calves
300-400 lbs.	cwt.	69.200
400-500 lbs.	cwt.	64.200
500-600 lbs.	cwt.	60.600
Yearling Cattle
600-700 lbs.	cwt.	60.000
700-800 lbs	cwt.	59.000
Cow-Calf Pairs	pair	600.000
Cull Cows	cwt.	33.500
Cull Bulls	cwt.	43.200
Dairy
Milk Cows	head	1000.000
Milk (After Deductions)	cwt.	16.000
Milk (Goat)	cwt.	22.000
Horses
Horses (2 yr. Quarter and other
stock horse breeds)	head	2000.000
Horses (Thoroughbreds - 2 yr.)	head	5000.000
Brood Mares
(Quarter-Paints, etc.)	head	3000.000
Thoroughbreds (Mares)	head	5000.000
Stallions (Quarters, etc.)	head	15000.000
Thoroughbreds (Stallions)	head	50000.000
Pleasure Horses	head	2000.000
Poultry
Breeder Flocks	doz.	1.500
Chickens, Cull Hens	lb.	0.250
Eggs	doz.	0.700
Commercial Broilers	lb.	0.400
Sheep
Wool	cwt.	37.620
Slaughter Lambs	head	96.000
Feeder Lambs	head	67.500
Show Lambs	head	250.000
Stocker Sheep	head	46.000
Cull Sheep	head	35.000
Slaughter Goats	head	75.000
Stocker Goats	head	35.000
Cull goats	head	20.000
Swine
Show Pigs	head	250.000
Feeder Pigs	head	30.000
Slaughter Hogs	head	33.000
Culls (sows, boars)	head	23.000
Rabbits
Fryers	lb.	0.800
Does	each	15.000
Ratite and other Exotic Fowl
Ostrich (12 mo.)	each	100.000
Emu (12 mo.)	each	50.000
Rhea (12 mo.)	each	25.000
Quail (Breeding stock)	each	2.000
FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE COMMODITIES
AQUACULTURE
Crawfish (Farm)	lb.	0.620
Catfish (Farm)	lb.	0.770
Minnows	lb.	3.150
Fishbait	lb.	6.300
Alligators (Farm)	ft.	16.750
Oysters	sack	15.000
Soft-shell Crabs	doz.	18.000
FRESHWATER FISHERIES
Crawfish (Wild)	lb.	0.640
Catfish (Wild)	lb.	0.450
Buffalo	lb.	0.250
Gar	lb.	1.100
Other Finfish	lb.	0.200
MARINE FISHERIES
Shrimp (heads on)	lb.	1.606
Shrimp (heads off)	lb.	3.000
Menhaden	lb.	0.060
Crabs	lb.	0.667
Commercial Finfish	lb.	1.393
Inshore Marine Finfish	lb.	0.500
Offshore Marine Finfish	lb.	2.150
Blue Fin Tuna	lb.	4.000
Yellow Fin Tuna	lb.	2.500
Swordfish	lb.	3.000
Snapper, red	lb.	2.000
Snapper, Vermilion	lb.	1.750
Shark, unclassified	lb.	1.400
Spotted Sea Trout	lb.	1.000
Mullet, black	lb.	1.100
Drum, black	lb.	2.300
Grouper, all	lb.	2.300
ALLIGATORS - Wild	ft.	15.000
HUNTING LEASE ENTERPRISES	acre	3.500
HONEY	lb.	0.590
PLANT COMMODITIES
Cotton
Lint	lb.	0.720
Seed	lb.	0.050
Forestry
Christmas Trees
Christmas Trees Wholesale	Trees Sold	12.000
Christmas Trees Retail	Trees Sold	27.500
Pine Straw	Bale (40 lb.)	4.000
Fire Wood	Cord (face)	125.000
Forest Seedlings
Pine	1,000	35.000
Hardwood	1,000	175.000
Fruits
Blackberries	pints	1.000
Blueberries	lb.	1.000
Citrus
Navels	bu.	12.000
Satsumas	bu.	6.000
Other Citrus	bu.	8.000
Figs	lb.	1.000
Mayhaws	lb.	0.900
Muscadines	tons	250.000
Peaches	bu.	15.000
Pears	bu.	7.000
Strawberries	flat	10.000
Feed Grains
Corn (Field)	bu.	2.100
Grain Sorghum	cwt.	3.900
Oats	bu.	1.800
Greenhouse Vegetables
Tomatoes	lb.	1.150
Cucumbers	lb.	1.000
Hay, Sold
Alfalfa	ton	120.000
Grass	ton	60.000
Home Gardens		220.000
Nursery Crops (Commercial)
Fruit & Nut Trees	acre	8000.000
Floraculture & Bedding Plants	acre	20000.000
Woody Ornamentals	acre	8000.000
Foliage Plants	acre	8000.000
Other Oilseed
Canola	bu	11.500
Sunflowers (for oil)	cwt	8.500
Sunflowers (confectionery)	cwt	10.500
Peanuts	lb.	0.320
Pecans
Improved	lb.	0.750
Native	lb.	0.450
Rice	cwt	9.500
Sod Production	acre	3335.000
Soybeans	bu.	5.650
Sugarcane
Sugar (Raw)	lbs	0.120
Molasses	gal	0.110
Sweet Potatoes
Canning	bu. (50 lb.)	2.000
Fresh	bu. (50 lb.)	11.000
Vegetables - Commercial
Beets	doz. bunches	7.000
Broccoli (Fresh)	carton (20 lb.)	10.000
Cabbage (Fresh)	Sack (50 lb.)	5.000
Cabbage (Processing slaw)	ton	160.000
Cantaloupe	carton (40 lb.)	15.000
Carrots	doz. bunches	7.000
Cauliflower (Fresh)	carton (20 lb.)	10.000
Collards (Fresh)	doz. bunches	7.000
Collards (Processing)	ton	100.000
Cucumber	bu. (50 lb.)	15.000
Cucumber (Pickling)	bu. (50 lb.)	3.000
Eggplant	bu. (33 lb.)	10.000
Garlic	lb.	3.000
Irish Potatoes	cwt.	30.000
Irish Potatoes (Proc. Chips)	cwt.	6.000
Lima Beans (Fresh)	bu. (32 lb.)	25.000
Lima Beans (Processing Dry)	cwt.	5.000
Mirliton	lb.	1.150
Mustard (Fresh)	doz. bunches	6.000
Okra (Fresh)	bu.	15.000
Onions	bag (50 lb.)	20.000
Onions, Green	lb.	1.250
Parsley	doz. bunches	4.000
Peppers
Banana	bu. (25 lb.)	22.000
Bell	bu. (28 lb.)	10.000
Cayenne (Processing)	cwt.	25.000
Chili - Anaheim (Fresh)	bu. (25 lb.)	20.000
Hungarian Wax (Fresh)	bu. (25 lb.)	12.000
Italian (Processing)	cwt.	30.000
Jalapeno (Fresh)	bu. (25 lb.)	15.000
Jalapeno (Processing)	cwt.	20.000
Sport (Processing)	cwt.	30.000
Tabasco Green (Processing)	cwt.	59.000
Tabasco Red (Processing)	cwt.	70.000
Yellow Hots	bu. (25 lb.)	15.000
Pumpkin (Fresh)	cwt.	20.000
Pumpkin, Cushaw	cwt.	10.000
Radish	doz. bunches	6.000
Shallots	doz. bunches	4.000
Snap Beans (Fresh)	bu. (30 lb.)	17.000
Southern Peas (Fresh)	bu. (24 lb.)	17.000
Spinach (Fresh)	bu. (25 lb.)	20.000
Squash (Fresh)
Yellow Squash	bu. (45 lb.)	8.000
Zucchini Squash	bu. (45 lb.)	24.000
Winter Squash	bu. (45 lb.)	15.000
Squash (Processing)
Yellow Squash	cwt.	11.000
Sweet Corn (Fresh)	doz. ears	2.500
Tomatoes (Field)	lug (20 lb.)	15.000
Tomatoes (Green Mature)	box (25 lb.)	10.000
Turnips (Fresh)	doz. bunches	6.000
Watermelon	cwt.	6.000
Wheat	bu.	3.250

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